Freedom; Ancient and Modern

Agha’ee Khuzani, Minu

Freedom; Ancient and Modern

Author

Minu Agha’ee Khuzani

Ph.D. in Political Science, Tehran University

Abstract

Modern conceptions of freedom are developed in the new intellectual trends among religious scholars the relations between freedom and concepts such as religion, justice, truth and government being differently explained. Introducing these conceptions this article attempts to make clear the distinction between them and the ancient ones, and at the same time, to show that different views of freedom stem from more basic differences regarding: human being, the elements making his humanity, his ability to determine the face and character of his life, his capability to exercise his freedoms, his expectations from religion, the possibility of knowing truth its instruments and obstacles , the government and its relationship with the individual and above all, fundamental human rights.

Keywords

Freedom

Religion

Law

Right

Freedom of Belief

Subjects

1. Baghi, Emad Aldin (1999). “Who Owns Freedom?”, in: Opponents' Rights: Practicing Democracy for the Iranian Society, Tehran: Sarabi Publication. [In Persian]
2. Bazargan, Abdolali (2002). “Quranic Research on Human Rights in the Mohammad Prophet's Government”, in: Mohammad Baste Negar, Human Rights from the Perspective of Scholars, Tehran: Publication Joint Stock Company. [In Persian]
3. Bazargan, Mahdi (2002). “Freedom of Mankind and the Basis of Civil Duties”, in: Mohammad Baste Negar, Human Rights from the Perspective of Scholars, Tehran: Publication Joint Stock Company. [In Persian]
4. Bazargan, Mahdi, Walked Road, Tehran: Publication Joint Stock Company. [In Persian]
5. Berlin, Ayza (1996). “Two Concept of Freedom”, in: Micheal Sandel, Liberalism and its critics, Trans. By Ahmad Tadayon, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company. [In Persian]
6. Cassese, Antonio, »Are Human Rights Truly Universal?«, in: Obrad Savic(ed.), The Politics Of Human Rights, Verso, 1999.
7. Dalacoura, Kate, Islam, Liberalism and Human Rights: I. B. Tauris and Co. Ltd, New York , 1998.
8. Jafari, Mohammad Taghi (1991). “Research in to Two Systems of Universal Human Rights from the Point of View of Islam and the West and their Matching with Each Other”, Tehran: Office of International Legal Services of the Islamic Republic of Iran. [In Persian]
9. Javadi Amoli, Abdol allah (1996). Series of Discussions about Philosophy of Religion, Philosophy of Human Rights, Qom: Publication Center of Esra. [In Persian]
10. Kadivar, Mohsen (2001). Issues of Religious Governance, Tehran: Ney Publication. [In Persian]
11. Kadivar, Mohsen (2002). “Freedom of Religion and Belief in Islam and Human Rights Documents”, in: Human Rights and Dialogue of Civilizations, Qom: Mofid University Press. [In Persian]
12. Khamenee, Seyed Mohammad (2002). “Individual Freedom in Islam”, in: Human Rights in Islam: Opinions of Iranian Thinkers, Tehran: Organization of Islamic Culture and Communication. [In Persian]
13. Khatami, Seyed Mohammad (1997). “Speech at the Summit of Education Ministry Directors”, Iran Newspaper, No. 845, 27/12/1997. [In Persian]
14. Khatami, Seyed Mohammad (2002). Democracy, Tehran: Tarhe Noo. [In Persian]
15. Mayer, Ann Elizabeth, Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics, Westview Press, 1998.
16. Mehrpoor, Hossein (1991). “Islam and Freedom of Opinion and Expression”, Journal of Law and Political Science University of Tehran, No. 27. [In Persian]
17. Mesbah Yasdi, Mohammad Taghi (2000). Political Theory of Islam, Volume Two: Governance, Qom: Imam Khomeini Institute of Education and Research. [In Persian]
18. Mohamadi, Majid (2000). “Religious Modernism and Taboo Liberalism”, Kian, Vol. 9, No. 48. [In Persian]
19. Mojtahed Shabestrai, Mohammad (2001A). A Critique of the Official Recitation of Religion, Crises, Challenges, Solutions, Tehran: Tarhe Noo. [In Persian]
20. Mojtahed Shabestrai, Mohammad (2001B). Faith and Freedom, Third Edition, Tehran: Tarhe Noo. [In Persian]
21. Montazeri, Hossein Ali (1999). “On Tazahom”, Kian, Vol. 8, No. 45. [In Persian]
22. Montazeri, Hossein Ali (2002). “Jurisprudential foundations of the prohibition of violence and intimidation”, in: Mohammad Basteh Negar, Human rights from the Perspective of Thinkers, Tehran: Publication Joint Stock Company. [In Persian]
23. Mordiha, Seyed Morteza (2000). A Say on Reform Project, Tehran: Jamee Iranian. [In Persian]
24. Motahari, Morteza (1981). About Islamic Republic, Qom: Office of Islamic Publication. [In Persian]
25. Motahari, Morteza (1988). About Islamic Republic, Second Edition, Qom: Sadra Publication. [In Persian]
26. Motahari, Morteza , Introduction to the Quran, Qom: Sadra Publication. [In Persian]
27. Mousavian, Seyed Abolfazle (2002). “Freedom of Belief and Elemental Jihad”, in: Human Rights and Dialogue of civilizations, Qom: Mofid University Press. [In Persian]
28. Movahedi Savoji, Mohamad Hassan (2000). “Jurisprudence: Goya, Rahgosh”, Kian, Vol. 9, No. 49. [In Persian]
29. Naraghi, Ahmad (1999). “In Defense of Religious Liberalism”, Journal of Rahe Noo, Vol. 1, No. 1. [In Persian]
30. Nasr, Seyed Hassan (1997). “Mabadi Ma Badeh Altabiee va Talaghi Eslam Dar Maghole Modara va Adame Modara”, Trans. by Houman Panahandeh, Vol. 8, No. 45. [In Persian]
31. Rasekh, Mohammad (2002). “Freedom as a Value”, in: Human Rights and Dialogue of Civilizations, Qom: Mofid University Press. [In Persian]
32. Report on Meeting of Teachers of Human Rights Training of Center for the Defense of Victims of Violence with Ayatol Allah Sanee, (2003). (Unpublished) [In Persian]
33. Said, Abdul Aziz, »Human Rights in Islamic Perspectives«, in: A. Polis and P. Schwab (eds.), Human Rights: Cultural and Ideological Perspectives, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1979.
34. Soroush, Abdol Karim (2001). “Fair Freedom”, in: Order of Shahriari and Religiosity, Tehran: Serat Publication. [In Persian]
35. Soroush, Abdol Karim, (1997A). “Wisdom and Freedom”, in: Bigger than Ideology, Third Edition, Tehran: Serat Publication. [In Persian]
36. Soroush, Abdol Karim, (1997B). “Religious Democratic Government”, in: Bigger than Ideology, Third Edition, Tehran: Serat Publication. [In Persian]
37. Soroush, Abdol Karim, (1998). “Freedom as a Method”, in: Kian, Vol. 7, No. 37. [In Persian]
38. Soroush, Abdol Karim, (1999). “The Theoretical Foundations of Liberalism”, in: Razdany and Intellectual, Tehran: Serat Publication. [In Persian]
39. Sotudeh, Amir Reza (1999). “Religion and Freedom in Conflict or Interaction, Works by Fazel Meybodi, Mohammad Taghi”, in: Institute for Publishing and Research, Tehran: Zekr Institute for Publishing and Research. [In Persian]
40. Sotudeh, Amir Reza (1999). Collective formulation of freedom in the religious community, works by Aghajari, Seyed Hashem, Tehran: Research and publication of Zekr. [In Persian]
41. Sotudeh, Amir Reza (1999). Freedom is both Right and Duty, Works by Valeh, Hossein, in: Relationship between Religion and Freedom, Tehran: Research and publication of Zekr. [In Persian]
42. Sotudeh, Amir Reza (1999). Relationship Between Religious Governing and Freedom works by Seyed mohammad Khatami, Tehran: Research and publication of Zekr. [In Persian]
43. Sotudeh, Amir Reza (1999). Religion, Freedom and Responsibility, works by Ayazi, Seyed Mohamad Ali, Tehran: Research and publication of Zekr. [In Persian]
44. Sotudeh, Amir Reza (1999). Religion, Freedom, and Social Reality, Works by Mohsen Armin, Tehran: Research and publication of Zekr. [In Persian]
45. Tabatabaee, Seyed Mohammad Hossein (1977). Excerpts from Islam, Tehran: Jahan Ara. [In Persian]
46. Tabatabaee, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, Almizan Fi Tafsire Ah-Quran, Trans. by Seyed Mohammad Bagher Mousavi Hamedani, Vol. 4, Qom: Islamic Publisher Office. [In Persian]
47. Tabatabaee, Seyed Mohammad Hossein. In the Shoadow of Islam, Qom: Ahle Beit Publication. [In Persian]
48. Taskhiri, Mohammad Ali (1998). “Human Rights and Extending its Concept”, Foreign Policy, Vol. 10, No. 1. [In Persian]