The Journal of Human Rights

The Journal of Human Rights

Human Rights in the Time of Armed Conflicts: A Theoretical Study

Document Type : Research Article

Authors
Ali Ardestani 1
Elahe Kamjo 2
1 Assistant Professor at department of Public Law, Semnan University
2 Master of General Law, Semnan University
10.22096/hr.2018.31582
Abstract
Due to the numerous armed conflicts between nations and governments based on, cultural and religious factors, the idea of peace and human rights have always been one of the main aspirations of civil activists. Accordingly, the international community,particularly in the 20th and 21th centuries, has tried to reduce the loss of life and property caused by the hostilities in various way.In this respect,one of the most important efforts has been the enactment of laws and regulations under the humanitarian rights and making the Governments involved in armed conflict to respect these rules. It is clear that armed conflicts do not have inflict humanitarian rights,but the question that is raised here, is that what are the effect of armed conflict on human rights? And whether upon the occurrence of an armed conflict, international law and humanitarian actions would be able to stop violations of human rights and encourages the enforcement of human rights. A theoretical analysis of the relationship between human rights and armed conflict, this article tries to show that the rules of human rights are supplementary rules of humanitarian rights during the armed conflict and the outbreak of an armed conflict is not a license to suspend human rights.
Keywords
human rights
Emergency
Derogation
Armed Conflicts
Humanitarian Rights

Subjects

  1. Abasi Eshghali, Majid (2004). “Theoretical Evolution of the Concept of Human Rights and its Place in International Relations”, Quarterly Journal of Economic‌ ـ Political Information, No.201-202, PP. 90-101. [In Persian]
  2. Balendra, Natasha (2007). “Defining armed conflict” ,University of Oxford, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 2461-2516.
  3. Chardin، C Bine (1989). Second World War, Translated by Gholam Hossein Gharagouzlu, Tehran: Tunes Publication. [In Persian]
  4. Cowell, Frederich (2013). “Sovereignty and the Question of Derogation: An Analysis of Article 15 of the ECHR and the Absence of a Derogation Clause in the ACHPR”, Birkbeck Law Review, Vol. 1, No.1, pp. 135- 162.
  5. Cullen, Antony (2010). The Concept of Non - International Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  6. Donnelly, Jack (1999). “Human rights, Democracy and Development”, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Vol.21, No.3, pp .608 - 632.
  7. Droege, Ordula (2007). “The Interplay Between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law in Situations of Armed Conflict”, Research Paper, Vol.40, No.2, pp. 310-355.
  8. E.Graham, David (2012). “Defining Non - international Armed Conflict : A Historically Difficult task”, International Law Studies , Vol. 88 , pp.43-55.
  9. Egorov, Sergey (2000). “The Kosovo Crisis and the Law of Armed Conflicts”, International Review of the Red Cross, No. 837, pp. 183-192.
  10. European Training and Research Centre for Human Rights and Democracy (ETC). Understanding Human Rights; Manual on Human Rights Education, (2012), Edited by Wolfgan Benedek, Vienna: European Training and Research Centre for Human Rights and Democracy (ETC).
  11. Fleck, Dieter (2012). The Hand book of Humanitarian Law in Armed conflicts, Translated by Ghasem Zamani, Edited by Ghasem Zamani and Nader Saed, Tehran: Shahre Sanesh Pulication. [In Persian]
  12. Freeman, Mark (2004). “Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Non-International Armed Conflict”, Translated by Saeeid Eradat, Journal of Legal Information, Vol. 46, No.10, PP.36-47. [In Persian]
  13. Gasser, Hanse Peter (1983). “Internationalized Non International Armed Conflict: Case Studies of Afghanistan, Kampuchea, and Lebenan”, The American University Law Review, Vol.33, No. 145, pp.145-161.
  14. Greenwood, Christopher (1998). “International Humanitarian Law and United Nations Military Operations”, Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol. 1, pp. 3 - 34.
  15. Habibzade, Tavakool (2005). “Establishing a Retaining Wall in the Occupied Territories of Palestine from the Point of View of International Law”, Quarterly Journal of Religion and Communication, No.28, pp. 70-106. [In Persian]
  16. Hartman, Joan. F (1981). “Derogation from Human Rights Treaties in Public Emergencies”, Harvard international law Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1.
  17. Knable, Patrick (2005). “The Relationship between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law in Situations of Armed Conflict”, New Zealand Postgraduate Law e-Journal, Issue 5.
  18. Kolb, Robert & Hyde, Richard (2015). An Introduction to the International Law of Armed Conflicts, Translated by Seyed Hesam Aldin Lesani, Tehran: Majd Publication. [In Persian]
  19. Lamp, Nicolas, & Trif, Dana (2009). “United Nations Peacekeeping Forces and the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict”, Hertie school of Governance‌ ـ working papers. No.47, pp.1-57.
  20. Lubell, Noam & Derejko, Nathan (2013). “A Global Battlefield? Drones and the Geographical Scope of Armed Conflict”, Journal of international criminal Justice, Vol.11, Issue. 1, pp.1-23.
  21. Mc Nair , Lord (1961). The Law of Treaties , Oxford : Clarendon Press.
  22. Mirabasi, Seyed Bagher (2006). Public International Law, Tehran: Mizan Publication. [In Persian]
  23. Momtaz, Jamshid & Naser Qorban Nia (2006). “The Normative Framework of the International Human Rights and Humanitarian System”, Quarterly Journal of Nameh Mofid, Vol. 12 No.55, PP. 3-18. [In Persian]
  24. Momtaz, Jamshid & Ranjbarian, Amir Hossein (2005). International Humanitarian Law, Internal Armed Conflict, Tehran: Mizan Publication. [In Persian]
  25. Mosafa, Nasrin & Abdolrahman Alem, Masoud Taromsaraee & Bahram Mostaghimi (1987). “Concept of rape in international law”, Journal of International Law, Vol.7, No.8, PP.8-52. [In Persian]
  26. Mrazek, Josef (2010). “Armed Conflict and the Use of Force”, CYIL, Vol.1, pp. 87 -109.
  27. Nasu, Hitoshi (2009). “Status of Rebels in Non - international Armed Conflict”, ANU college of law Research paper, No. 10 - 71, pp 239 - 260.
  28. Naziphi, Abas & Jafari, Asghar (2011). “An Analytical Look at Armed Conflict in Two Perspectives: Islam and International Law”, Quarterly Journal of Legal Rights reviews, No.54, PP. 179-230. [In Persian]
  29. Paulus, Andreas &Vashakmadze, Mindia (2009). “Asymmetrical War and the Notion of Armed Conflict‌ ـ a Tentative Conceptualization”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.91, No. 873, pp. 95-125.
  30. Rafiee, Keyvan (2007). Human Rights Autopsy, Tehran: Publications of Human Rights Activists in Iran. [In Persian]
  31. Ramezani Ghavam Abadi, Mohammad Hossein (2004). “Reflections on Non-International Armed Conflict Rights”, Specialist Journal on Theology and Law, Vol. 5, No.13, PP.130-156. [In Persian]
  32. Ranjbaran, Amir Hossien (1994). “A Reflection on Human Rights”, Journal of Strategy, No.4, PP. 137-164. [In Persian]
  33. Rostamzadeh, Hosseingholi (2005). “International Community and International Obligations”, Journal of International Law, Vol. 22, No.33, PP.9-71. [In Persian]
  34. Rousseau، Charles E (1990). Le Droite Des Conflicts Armes, Translated by Seyed Ali Hanjabi, Tehran: Presidential office of International Law Service. [In Persian]
  35. Schindler, Dietrich (1982). “International Humanitarian Law and Internationalized Armed Conflicts”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 22, No. 230, pp. 255-264.
  36. Shariati, Saeid (2005). Rights of the Nation and the State in Constitution, Tehran: Young Thinking Center. [In Persian]
  37. Sharifian, Jamshid (2001). “Internationalization of Human Rights”, Quarterly Journal of Foreign Policy, No.59, PP. 801-828. [In Persian]
  38. Sharifian, Jamshid (2005). “Humanitarian Intervention and the United Nations”, Journal of Basirat, Vol. 12, No.34, PP.26-39. [In Persian]
  39. Torabi, Mohammad (2008). “Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Non-International Armed Conflict (Internal)”, Master's thesis, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch. [In Persian]
  40. Ullan, Aman & Uzair, Same (2011). “Derogation of Human Rights under the Covenant and Their Suspension During Emergency and Civil Martial Law, in India and Pakistan” , Research Journal of South Asian Studies , Vol.26 ,No .1, pp. 181 - 189 .
  41. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2004). Teaching Human Rights, New York and Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
  42. Verhoeven, Sten (2007). “International and Non‌ ـ international Armed conflict”, Institute for International law-working paper. No 107, pp. 1-22.
  43. Walter, Franziska & Manfred Nowak, Christin Sommer, Helmut Sax, George Huber, & Graben Warter (2010). Human Rights Manual, Vienna: Austrian Development Agency (ADA).
  44. Wenar, Lief (2005). “The Nature of Human Rights”, Edited by A. Follesdal and T. Pogge , Springer, Vol.1, pp.285-293.
  45. Ziaee Bigdeli, Mohammad Reza (2001). Law of War, Tehran: Alame Tabatabae University Press. [In Persian]
  46. Ziaee Bigdeli, Mohammad Reza (2004). “An Attitude to International Responsibility Caused by Human Rights and Humanitarian Law”, Research Journal of law and politics, No.13, PP. 5-18. [In Persian]
  47. B) Documents:
  48. Human Rights Committee, General Comment No.29: Article 4: Derogations during a State of Emergency, 31 August 2007, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11.
  49. ICJ Report, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996.
  50. International Law Commission (57th session), First Report on the Effects of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, (by Mr. Ian Brownlie, special Rapporteur), No. A/CN 4 /552, Geneva, 2 May, 3 June, 4 July & 5 August 2005.
  51. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Adopted at Geneva on 8 June 1997, No.17512. Available at: http://treaties.un.org.
  52. Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Armed conflict Dataset Codebook, Version 4, 2012.
  53. United Nations, Official Report of the Economic and Social, Eleventh Session, Supplement No .5, U.N. Doc: E /1681.
  54. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, (2003), Glossary of Humanitarian Terms in Relation of Civilian in Armed Conflict, NewYork.
  55. Picted, Jean, Commentary on the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949. ICRC, Geneva 1952.
  56. “How is the term Armed conflict Defined in international humanitarian law?” (2008). International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), opinion paper.pp.1-5. Available at: https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/ opinion-paper-armed-conflict.pdf.
  57. Barquero, Ray (No Data). “The [New] Thresholds of Non - international Armed Conflict - A Product of Jurisprudential Provenance?”, pp. 1-50. Available at: http://www.academia.edu.
  58. Higgins, Noelle (2004). “The Application of International Humanitarian Law to Wars of National Liberation”, Journal of humanitarian Assistance. Available at:http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/files/2011/04/a132.pdf.
  59. Human Right Council Opens Special on the Human Rights Situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 23 July 2014. http://www.ohchr.org.
  60. ICC, The Prosecutor V. Germain Katanga and Mothiev Ngudjolo Chuni , Case No. ICC - 01 /04 - 01 / 07, Decision on the Conformation of Charges, 30 October 2008. Available at: www.icc.cpi.int.
  61. ICJ Report, advisory opinion of 20 July 1962 ,Certain Expenses of the united Nations , Available at: www.icj-cij-org
  62. ICRC, Armed Conflicts Linked to the Disintegration of Structures: Preparatory Document Drafted by the International Committee of the Red Cross for the First Periodical Meeting on International Humanitarian Law (1998), Geneva. Available at: www.icrc.org.
  63. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Adopted 16 Dec 1966, by General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI). Entry into force 23 March 1976 (IccPR) No. 19668. Available at: https: /treaties. un. org
  64. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia , Prosecutor V.Dusco Tadic, Disision of the Defence motion on interlocutory appeal on Jurisdiction, Appeals Chamber, 2 october 1995, Case No.IT-94-AR72. at: http: // www.un.org.
  65. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor V. Slobodan Milosevic, Decision on Motion for Judgment of Acquittal, Case No. IT - 02 - 54 - T, 16 June 2004. Available at: www.icty.org/.
  66. K.Goldman, Robert (2013). “Extraterritorial Application of the Human Rights to Life and PersonalLiberty, Including Habeas Cropus, During Situations of Armed Conflict”, Research Handbook on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, pp. 104-124. Available at:http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/.
  67. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua V.United States of America), (27 June 1986), Judgment on the Merits, Available at: www.icj-clj-org.
  68. Protocol Additional to the Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the protection of victims of Non - international Armed conflicts (protocol II), Adapted 1977, Entry into force: 7 December 1978. Available at: https://www.icrc.org.
  69. United Nations, General Assembly, Annotations on the Text of the Draft International Covenant on Human Rights, Document A/2929 , 1 july 1955. At: http://www.ohchr.org.
  70. Larsen, M.Kjetil (2009). “Challenges in Applying Human Rights Law to Armed Conflict: the Relationship Between International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law”, Available at: https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/3693/58407564.pdf?sequence=1.
  71. Oconnell, Marry Ellen, Gardam, Tudith & Others (2010). “Use of Force, Final Report on the Meaning of Armed Conflict in International Law”, International Law Association, pp1-33. Available at: file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/final_report.pdf.
  72. www.ohchr.org / en/ protessionalinte (www.un.org/en / rights rest / payes / international law. Aspx).

 

 

Send comment about this article
Enter Name.
Enter a valid email address.
Enter a vaid affiliation.
Enter comments (At leaset 10 words)
CAPTCHA Image
Enter Security Code Correctly.
The Journal of Human Rights
Volume 13, Issue 1 - Serial Number 25
Issue 25
June 2018
Pages 67-90