دوفصلنامۀ بین‌المللی حقوق‌بشر

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بارنگری در اعلامیه حقوق بشر در اسلام، از توازی کارکردی تا کارکرد تکمیلی

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسنده

دکتری حقوق بین الملل مرکز صلح و گفتگو، دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب، قم، ایران.

چکیده

از اوایل دهه 1980 میلادی، سازمان کنفرانس اسلامی (سازمان) در صدد برآمد تا با تصویب اعلامیه حقوق­ بشر در اسلام (اعلامیه قاهره)، گفتمان حقوق­ بشری خاص خود را در توازی با نظام بین المللی حقوق بشر ایجاد کند. با تصویب اعلامیه قاهره در سال 1990، جدال میان دولت‌های غربی و کشورهای اسلامی بر سر تعارض مفاد آن با معیارهای حقوق­ بشر آغاز شد. اما در برنامه اقدام 2005 از گفتمان توازی کارکردی دست کشید و زمینه را برای بازنگری در اعلامیه قاهره فراهم کرد و در 28 نوامبر 2020 «اعلامیه حقوق­ بشر سازمان همکاری اسلامی (اعلامیه جدید)» به تصویب رسید.
این مقاله با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی رویکرد کلی و ویژگی های خاص فرایند بازنگری و تصویب اعلامیه جدید را بررسی می­ کند و نتیجه می‌گیرد که از نظر سیاسی، تدوین کنندگان اعلامیه جدید به «دستاوردی شگرف» دست یافته و ادبیات حقوق بشری سازمان را با گفتمان بین‌المللی حقوق بشر هماهنگ کرده ­اند. اما صلاحیت و توانایی علمی برای انطباق معیارهای حقوق بشر با تعالیم و ارزش­ های اسلامی را فاقد بوده و در مواردی با رونویسی از روی اسناد بین­ المللی حقوق بشر، اعتبار علمی خود را مخدوش ساخته­ اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

From Separation to Re-Engagement: The OIC Revised Declaration on Human

نویسنده [English]

  • Mohammad Hossein Mozaffari

Ph.D. in International Law, Center for Peace and Dialogue, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Since the adoption of the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam (CDHRI) in 1990, there was an ongoing debate between Western and Muslim states regarding the compatibility of its provisions with human rights standards. The adoption of Ten-Year Program of Action in 2005 was a turning point in the OIC human rights agenda. The establishment of the Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) paved the way for the revision of the CDHRI in 2020 and it was described as a monumental success. This article shall review the in which the OIC has re-engaged to human rights after 30 years of controversies with a descriptive and analytical method. First, we will study the general framework of the revised Declaration and the challenges of the adoption process, and then we will evaluate the changes made in its content by comparing the two declarations. The paper concludes that the revised declaration may bring OIC human rights rhetoric in alignment with UN human rights language, nevertheless, the IPHRC failed to carry out its mandated task in bringing human rights standards in harmony with Islamic teachings and values, especially where it simply copied and pasted the text of international human rights instruments.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Organization of Islamic Cooperation
  • Human Rights
  • Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam (CDHRI)
  • Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC)
  • Cairo Declaration of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation on Human Rights (CDOHR)
مراجع

A) Books & Articles

Bossuyt, Marc J.; Guide to the "travaux Préparatoires" of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
Burke, Roland. Decolonization and the Evolution of International Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2010.
Humphrey, John P.; Human Rights and the United Nations: A Great Adventure. New York: Transnational Pub Inc, 1984.
  Mozaffari, Mohammad Hossein. Nobordbari Madhabi (Religious Intolerance). Tehran: Andisheh-e-Moaser, 1997.
Petersen, Marie Juul. Islamic or Universal Human Rights? The OIC’s Independent Permanent Human Rights Commision, Diis Report, 2012.
Roosevelt, Eleanor. The Auto Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt. Philadelphia: Curtis Publishing Co. 1958.
The Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, reprinted in 2008.
Today’s Zaman. OIC gears up to establish human rights commission. Today’s Zaman, 13 April 2009.
Year Book of the United Nations. Department of Public Information, United Nations, New York, 1948-49.

B) Documents

  Annotation on the text of the draft International Covenants on Human rights (Document A/2929), Official Records of the General Assembly, 10th session 1955, Agenda item 28(Part II) chapter I.
Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam; The 19th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt, (31 July to 5 August 1990) reprinted in U. N. Doc. A/Conf. 157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993).
Cairo Declaration of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation on Human Rights, adopted by the 47th Session of the Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM), NIAMEY, REPUBLIC OF NIGER (27-28 NOVEMBER 2020) available at (accessed on 7/7/2021):  at: https://www.oic-oci.org/upload/pages/conventions/en/CDHRI_ 2021_ENG.pdf
Charter of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (2008), available at (accessed on 20/2/2021 https://www.oic-oci.org/upload/documents/charter/en/oic_charter_2018_en.pdf
Diène, Doudou; The former Special Rapporteur to the ninth session of the Human Rights Council: A/HRC/9/12).
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Adopted by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966.
Official Records of the General Assembly, 15th session, 1960, Third Committee 1022nd Meeting.
Official Records of the General Assembly, Third session (part I) 1948, Third Committee 128th Meeting.
Statute of the Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (adopted 30 June 2011) OIC Doc OIC/IPCHR/2010/STATUTE.
Statute of the Women Development Organization (OIC) available at (accessed on 20/2/2021): https://oic-iphrc.org/docs/en/legal_instruments/OIC_HRRIT/385106.pdf
Ten-Year Programme of Action (TYPoA-2025) OIC/SUM-13/2016/POA-Final (accessed on 20/2/2021) available at https://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID= 16&refID=5
Ten-Year Programme of Action, 7–8 December 2005 available at (accessed on 20/2/2021): https://ww1.oic-oci.org/ex-summit/english/10-years-plan.htm
Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries (SESRIC) and the OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC), “Human Rights Standards and Institutions in OIC Member States,” September 16, 2019: available at (accessed on 20/2/2021):. https://www.sesric.org/ files/article/674­.pdf.

C) Websites

Report of the IPHRC on the participation in the 47th Session of OIC Conference of Foreign Ministers in Niger, available at (accessed on 15/12/2020): https://oic-iphrc.org/web/index.php/site/view_news/?id=472
Resolution No. 1/45-IPHRC, The 45th Session of CFM, 2018, available at (accessed on 20/2/2021): https://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=1873&refID=1078
Statement by H.E. the Secretary General at the First IPHRC Session,” February 20, 2012, available at (accessed on 15/12/2020): https://www.oiciphrc.org/en/data/ docs/session_reports/1st/SG%20Statement%20-%20IPHRC%20 %201st%20Session%20-%20Jakarta%20-%20EV.pdf.
Statement by Portugal on behalf of the European Union to the December 18, 2007 session of the GA, available at (accessed on 15/12/2020): http://www.iheu.org/ node/2949 
Mozaffari, Mohammad Hossein. OIC Declaration on Human Rights: Changing the name or a paradigm change? (The Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, 2020) available at (accessed on 20/2/2021): https://rwi.lu.se/pyramid-publications/oic-declaration-on-human-rights-changing-the-name-or-a-paradigm change/
 
1 نظرات کاربران
Henning Strodthoff
Dear Mohammad Hossein Mozaffari
I would like to learn more about the revision of the CDHRI. I'm especially interested in differences to the UN declaration on human rights.
It would be very helpful to read the full article and / or to know where to find it.

With regards
Henning Strodthoff, Germany
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دوفصلنامۀ بین‌المللی حقوق‌بشر
دوره 16، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 32
پاییز و زمستان 1400، پیاپی 32
اسفند 1400
صفحه 111-134
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