A) Books & Journals
1. Holy Qur’an
2. Afshari, Reza (1994). “AN Essay on Islamic Cultural Relativism in the Discourse of
Human Rights”, Hum. Rts., No.16.
3. An-Na’im, Abdullahi A. (1987). “Religious Minorities under Islamic Law and the
Limits of Cultural Relativism”, Hum. Rts., No.9.
4. An-Na’im, Abdullahi A. (1995). “Towards a Cross-cultural Approach to Defining
International Standrds of Human Rights”, in: An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed (ed.,) Human
Rights in Cross-cultural Perspectives, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
5. An-Na’im, Abdullahi A. (1995). “Towards a Cross-cultural Approach to Defining
International Standards of Human Rights”, in: An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed (ed.,) Human
Rights in Cross-cultural Perspectives, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
6. An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed (1995). “Towards a Cross-Cultural Approach”, in: An-
Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed (ed.,) Human Rights in Cross-Cultural Perspectives,
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
7. An-Nai’m, Abdullahi A. (1987). “Religious Minorities under Islamic Law and the
Limits of Cultural Relativism”, Hum. Rts., No.15.
8. Askari, Hasan (1978). The Society and State in Islam, New Delhi Associated Publishers.
9. Askari, Hassan (1978). Society and State in Islam, New Delhi: Associated Publishers.
10. Askari, Hassan (1978). Society and State in Islam, New Delhi: Associated Publishers.
11. Bayefsky, Anne F. (2001). The UN Human Rights Treaty System: Universality at the Crossroads,
12. Bayefsky, Anne F. (2001). The UN Human Rights Treaty System: Universality at the
Crossroads, The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
13. Benedict, Ruth (1934). Patterns of Culture, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
14. Best, Geoffrey (1995). “Justice, International Relations and Human Rights”,
International Affairs, Vol. 71 No. 4.
15. Brownlie, Ian (1995). Principles of Public International Law, 4th Ed., Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
16. Chan, Stephen (2000). Aspirations and Absent Methodologies in Universalism: Towards a
Multicultural Normative Theory, in: Lensu, Maria & Fritz, Jan-Stefan (eds.) Value
Pluralism, Normative Theory adn International Relations, New York: Macmillan Press.
17. Chinkin, Christine (1997). “Reservations and Objections to the Convention on the
Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women”, in: Chinkin and Others
(eds.,) Human Rights as General Norms and a States Right to Opt Out, London: B.I.I.C.L.
18. Cicero (1982). De Legibus, in: Corwin, Edward S., “The Higher Law Background of
American Constitutional Law”, Harv. L. Rev., Vol. XLII, No.2.
19. Clarke, Belinda (1991). “e Vienna Convention Reservations Regime and the
Convention on Discrimination Against Women”, AJIL, No. 85.
20. Cohen, Ronald (1989). “Human Rights and Cultural Relativism: The Need for a New
Approach”, American Anthropologist, No.91.
21. Donnelly, Jack (1982). “Human Rights as Natural Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly,
Vol. 4, No.3, pp. 394.
22. Etzioni, Amitai (1997). “e End of Cross-Cultural Relativism”, Alternatives, No.22.
23. Falk, Richard (1995). “Cultural Foundations for Protection of Human Rights”, In:
An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed (ed.,) Human Rights in Cross-cultural Perspectives,
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
‘Islamic Reservations’ to Human Rights Treaties…/ Sawad 153
24. Francesco Forrest Martin et al., (eds.,) (1997). International Human Rights Law and
Practice, The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
25. Gray, John (1993). Post-Liberalism: Studies in Political Thought, New York: Routledge.
26. Hatch, Elvin (1983). Culture and Morality: The Relativity of Values in Anthropology,
New York: Columbia University Press.
27. Herskovits, Melville J. (1964). Cultural Dynamics, New York: Knopf.
28. Herskovits, Melville J. (1972). Cultural Relativism, Perspectives in Cultural Pluralism,
New York: Random House.
29. Herskovits, Melville J. (1972). Cultural Relativism, Perspectives in Cultural Pluralism,
New York: Random House.
30. Human Rights: Status of International Instruments (1987), New York: United Nations.
31. Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (1999). Freedom, Equality and Justice in Islam, Kuala
Lumpur: Ilmiah Publishers.
32. Knight, H.G (1980). “Policy Issues in Ocean Law”, In: Gamble, John King, “Reservations to
Multilateral Treaties: A Macroscopic View of State Practice”, AJIL, No.74.
33. Koh, Kyongun (1982). “Reservations to Multilateral Treaties: How International Legal
Doctrine Reflects World Vision”, Harv. Int’l Law J., No.23.
34. Marcus & Fischer (1986). Anthropology as Cultural Critique, Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
35. Mayer, Ann Elizabeth (1999). Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics,
Colorado: Westview Publishers.
36. McBride, Jeremy (1997). Reservations and the Capacity to Implement Human Rights
Treaties, in: Chinkin and Others (eds.,) Human Rights as General Norms and a State’s
Right to Opt Out, London: B.I.I.C.L .
37. Multiculturalism and the Law (1992), Australian Law Reform Commission Report, No. 57.
38. Northrop, F.S.C. (1952). “Contemporary Jurisprudence and International Law”, Yale
L. J. No.65.
39. Queen v. Wilson Jagamara SCC No. 46 (1993).
40. Rahman, Abdur (1994). The Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.
41. Rahman, Abdur (1994). The Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.
42. Rahman, Abdur (1994). The Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.
43. Renteln, Alison D. (1985). “e Unanswered Challenge of Relativism and the
Consequences for Human Rights”, Hum. Rts., No.7.
44. Renteln, Alison D. (1985). The Unanswered Challenge of Relativism and the
Consequences for Human Rights, Hum Rts., No. 7.
45. Schacht, Joseph (1964). An Introduction to Islamic Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
46. Schmidt, Markus G. (1997). Reservations to United Nations Human rights Treaties –
The Case of the Two Covenants. Chinkin and Others (eds.,) Human Rights as General
Norms and a State’s Right to Opt Out, London: B.I.I.C.L.
47. Sharif Chaudhry, Muahmmad (1997). Women’s Rights in Islam, New Delhi: Adam Publishers.
48. Sidahmed, Abdel Salam & Ehteshami, Anoushiravan (1996). Islamic Fundamentalism,
Colorado: Westview Press.
49. Siddiqui, Abdul Hamid (1995). Sahih Muslim, New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.
50. Sinclair, Sir Ian (1968). United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties, Official
Records, First Session, Summary Records of Plenary Meetings and Meetings of the
Committee of the Whole.
51. Tatsuo, Inoue (1999). “Liberal Democracy and Asian Orientalism”, in: Bauer, Joanne
R. & Bell, Daniel A., The East Asian Challenge for Human Rights, Cambridge:
154 The Journal of Human Rights Issue 24 pp. 101-154
Cambridge University Press.
52. Teson, F. (1985). “International Human Rights and Cultural Relativism”, Virg. J. Of
International Law, No.25.
53. Tibi, Bassam (1994). “Islamic Law/Shari`a, Human Rights, Universal Morality and
International Relations”, Hum. Rts., No.16.
54. Tripp, Charles (1996). “Islam and the Secular Logic of the State”, in: Sidahmed, Abdel
Salam & Ehteshami, Anoushiravan, Islamic Fundamentalism, Colorado: Westview Press.
55. Vincent, R.J. (1986). Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
56. Zakaria, Rafiq (1988). The Struggle within Islam, New Delhi: Viking.
B) Documents
57. Constitution of Maldives.
58. Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment
59. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
60. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
61. Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination
62. Convention on the Rights of the Child.
63. General Comment No. 3 (1990); HRI/GEN/1/Rev.1.
64. ILC Year Book 1996
65. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
66. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
67. Report of International Law Commission, ILC Year Book, 1966, II, 205-206.
68. Restatement (THIRD) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States, section 313
comment b (1987).
69. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
C) Websites
70. Garkawe, Sam, The Impact of the Doctrine of Cultural Relativism on Australian Legal
System, E Law, ftp://infolib.murdoch.edu.au/pub/subj/law/jnl/elaw/
refereed/garkawe.txt.
71. Garkawe, Sam (1992). e Impact of the Doctrine of Cultural Relativism on
Australian Legal System, E Law, ftp://infolib.murdoch.edu.au/pub/subj/law/
jnl/elaw/refereed/garkawe.txt.
72. Impact of the Doctrine of Cultural Relativism on Australian Legal System, E Law,
ftp://infolib.murdoch.edu.au/pub/subj/law/jnl/elaw/refereed/garkawe.txt
73. Joyner and Dettling. Bridging the Cultural Chasm: Cultural Relativism and the Future
of International Law, in: Garkawe, Sam. The Impact of the Doctrine of Cultural
Relativism on Australian Legal System, E Law, ftp://infolib.murdoch.edu.au/
pub/subj/law/jnl/elaw/refereed/garkawe.txt.
74. Little, David, The Universality of Human Rights, (United States Institute of Peace)
http://www.usip.org/research/rehr/universality.htm.
75. Pithart, Petr (1997). “e Search for Universality in Human Rights”, In: New Presence,
10 http://www.pritomnost.cz/index.php?clanek=1032 [visited:24.11.04 at 116hrs]
76. Ross, Kelley L. Relativism, http://www.friesian.com/relative.htm.