جایگاه حقوق بشر در سیاست خارجی اتحادیه اروپا در قبال ج. ا. ایران

ثمودی پیله رود, علیرضا

doi:10.22096/hr.2019.102929.1091

جایگاه حقوق بشر در سیاست خارجی اتحادیه اروپا در قبال ج. ا. ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

علیرضا ثمودی پیله رود

استادیار دانشکدۀ علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مفید. ایران

10.22096/hr.2019.102929.1091

چکیده

اتحادیه اروپا یکی از کنشگران تاثیرگذار در حوزه روابط بینالملل است که در دوران پس از جنگ سرد توانسته است با تدوین سیاست خارجی و امنیتی مشترک در پیمان ماستریخت (۱۹۹۲) نقش فعالتری در موضوعهای بینالمللی ایفا کند. این اتحادیه با توجه به ضعفهای جدی در حوزه مسائیل امنیتی و دفاعی تلاش کرده است با استفاده از قدرت هنجاری خود به دنبال افزایش اثرگذاری خود در حوزههای موضوعی و البته مناطق جغرافیایی خاص باشد. حقوق بشر وتلاش برای ارتقای دمکراسی در کشورهای مختلف یکی از ابزارهای اصلی اتحادیه اروپا در پیشبرد سیاستهای مورد نظر خود است. همچنین این اتحادیه همواره یکی از مهمترین شریکهای تجاری جمهوری اسلامی ایران در چهار دهه گذشته بوده است. با این حال، برخی مسائل و تحولات موجب شده است تا روابط تهران-بروکسل در برخی مقاطع به شدت دچار تنش شود.تروریسم، حقوقبشر، سلاحهای کشتارجمعی و منازعه اعراب و اسرائیل چهار حوزه موضوعی اختلافی میان تهران و بروکسل است. در مقاله پیش رو تلاش میشود به این پرسش، پاسخ داده شود که موضوع حقوق بشر از چه جایگاهی در روابط میان اتحادیه اروپا برخوردار بوده است. همچنین این فرضیه مطرح شده است که اتحادیه اروپا با توجه به رویکرد هنجاری خود به دنبال ارتقای سطح حقوق بشر و دمکراسی در ایران بوده است، اما در مقاطع مختلف همواره موضوع امنیت بر حقوق بشر اولویت داده شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

اتحادیه اروپا

قدرت هنجاری

حقوق بشر

ج ا ایران

امنیت

عنوان مقاله English

The Position of Human Rights Issue in the EU's Foreign Policy towards I. R. of Iran

نویسنده English

Alireza Samoudi Pilehroud

Assistant Prof., Department of Political Science, Mofid University. Iran

چکیده English

The European Union (EU) is one of the influential actors in the field of international relations that have managed to gain a more active role in international issues by formulating common foreign and security policy (CFSP) in Maastricht Treaty (1992), in the era after the Cold War. Considering its serious weaknesses regarding security and defense issues, the Union has endeavoured to exploit its normative power to gain more influence in particular thematic fields, and undoubtedly, specific geographical regions. Human rights and efforts for the promotion of democracy in different countries are two important tools in EU's hands that help it advance its desired policies. Also, the Union has always been one of main commercial allies of Islamic Republic of Iran in the last four decades. However, several issues and changes have caused tensions in Tehran-Brussels relations at several time intervals. Terrorism, human rights, Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), and the disputes between Arab countries and Israel, are the four thematic fields of discord between Tehran and Brussels. In this study, our aim is to make an endeavour to answer this question: what has been the position of human rights issue in the relations between EU and Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

The European Union

Normative Power

Human Rights

I. R. of Iran

Security

الف- کتب و مقالات
1. Bakhtiari, M. J and Hossein Nia Salimi, F. (2013). “UK and EU-Iran Relations”, Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Vol.4, No.2, PP. 165-190.
2. Cottey, A. (2014). “The EU and Nuclear Non-Proliferation: Soft Power and the Bomb?”, Irish Studies in International Affairs, Vol.25, PP. 89-100.
3. Dadandish, P. (2012). “Iran-Europe Relations: A Diagnostic Analysis”, Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 1, PP. 57-88.
4. DeZutter, E. (2010). “Normative power spotting: An Ontological and Methodological Appraisal”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 17, No. 8, PP. 1106-1127.
5. DohlieSaltnes, J. (2018). “The European Union's Human Rights Policy: Is the EU's Use of Human Rights Clause Inconsistent?”, Global Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 2-3, PP. 165-177.
6. Manners, I. (2002). “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction In Terms?”, Journal Of Common Marker Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2, PP. 235-258.
7. Mousavian, H. (2008). Iran-Europe Relations, Challenges and Opportunities. New York: Routledge.
8. Osiewicz, P. (2018). “EU - Iran Relations in the Post - JCPOA Period: Selected Political Aspects”, Adam Mickiewicz University , pp. 153-163.
9. Velluti, S. (2016). “The Promotion and Integration of Human Rights in EU External Trade Relations”, Utrecht Journal of International and European Law, Vol. 32, No. 82, PP. 41-68.
10. Yazgan, H. (2017). European Union's Human Rights Policy: An Analysis for External Relations Perspective. Adam Akademi, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.51-67.
ب- وب‌سایت‌ها
1. Council of the European Union. (2018, December 10). Declaration by the High Representative Federica Mogherini on behalf of the EU on Human Rights Day. Retrieved December 20, 2018, Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/12/09/declaration-by-the-high-representative-federica-mogherini-on-behalf-of-the-eu-on-human-rights-day-10-december-2018/pdf.
2. Council of the European Union. (2019). Protection and Promotion of Human Rights. Retrieved January 2, 2019, Available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/human-rights/.
3. EU Global Strategy. (2016). Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe . Retrieved November 12, 2018, from European Union. Available at:
http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.
1. European External Action Service. (2018). EU and Iran Hold High Level Political Dialogue. Retrieved December 11, 2018, Available at https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/54494/eu-and-iran-hold-high-level-political-dialogue_en.
2. European Parliament. (2014). European Parliament Resolution on the EU Strategy Towards Iran. Retrieved september 11, 2014, Available at:
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=B7-2014-0279&language=EN.
1. European Parliament. (2018). Human Rights. Retrieved December 30, 2018, Available at:
EuropeanParliamnet: http://europal.europa.eu/factsheets/en.
1. European Union .(2018). Council Extends by One Year Sanctions Responding to Serious Human Rights Violation. Retrieved December 30, 2018, Available at:
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/04/12/iran-council-extends-by-one-year-sanctions-responding-to-serious-human-rights-violation/pdf
1. European Union. (2018). Human Rights. Retrieved December 11, 2018, Available at: http://: europa eu/European-union/topics/human-rights_eu.
2. European Union. (2018, May 28). EU Annual Report on Human Rights and Democracy in the World. Retrieved September 5, 2018, Available at:
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/35383/st09122-en18.pdf.
1. Fathollah-Nejad, A. (2018, October). Europe and the Future od Iran Policy: Dealing with a Dual Crisis. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from Brookings Doha Center. Available at:
https://www.brookings.edu/research/europe-and-the-future-of-iran-policy-dealing-with-a-dual-crisis/.
1. General Affairs and External Relations. (2004, October 11). 2609th Council Meeting: External Relations, 12770/04 (Presse 276). Retrieved June 11, 2013, Available at:
http://file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/as_210690037/My%20Documents/Downloads/PRES-04-276_EN.pdf.
1. Kienzle, B. (2012, October). Between Human Rights and Non-Proliferation: Norm Competition in the EU's Iran Policy. Retrieved November 11, 2018, from Institut Barcelona d'E Studis Internacionals (IBEI). Available at:
https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/UNIS/article/viewFile/40712/39032.
1. Portela, C. (2015, July). The EU’s Evolving Responses to Nuclear Proliferation Crises: from Incentives to Sanctions. Retrieved December 23, 2018, from EU Non-Proliferatiom Consortium. Available at: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/EUNPC_no-46.pdf.
2. Wouters, J., & Hermez, M. (2016). EU Guidelines on Human Rights as a Foreign Policy Instrumrnt: An Assessment. Retrieved November 10, 2018, from Institute for International Law. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2867374.