A) Persian
Ameli, Zayn al-Din. Al-Rawdat al-Bahiyya fi Sharh al-Lumʿat al-Dimashqiyya. Qom: Dar al-Tafsir, 2003.
Babaei, Iraj. Civil Liability Law Based on the Critique and Review of Judicial Decisions and Practice. Tehran: Publications and Printing Center of the Judiciary of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2024.
Badini, Hassan. “Civil Liability Arising from the Violation of Personality-Related Moral Rights and Human Rights.” Law Quarterly 42, no. 1 (2012): 89–107.
Bejnourdi, Hassan. Qawaʿid al-Fiqhiyya, Qom: Nashr al-Hadi, 1998.
Diani, Abdolrasoul, Ebrahim Taghizadeh, Hassan Badini, and Alireza Sharifi. “The Exercise of Human Rights in Private Relations.” Civil Law Knowledge 2, no. 2 (March 2014): 16–26.
Hajipour, Morteza. “A Comparative Study of the Exercise of Fundamental Human Rights in Private Law.” Journal of Comparative Law Studies 9, no. 2 (Fall and Winter 2018): 571–594. https://doi.org/10.22059/JCL.2018.252355.633631.
Hilli, Hasan ibn Yusuf. Tadhkirat al-Fuqaha. Qom: Al-al-Bayt Institute for the Revival of Heritage, 2002.
Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad, and Saeed Rahaei. “Due Diligence as a Normative Standard at the Heart of the International Human Rights System.” The Journal of Human Rights 19, no. 1 (Spring & Summer 2024): 53–78. https://doi.org/10.22096/hr.2023.2009618.1606.
Jafari-Langroudi, Mohammad-Jafar. Al-Fariq. Tehran: Ganj-e Danesh, 2007.
Karimzadeh, Kamran, Zohreh Shakiba, and Mohammad Shamʿi. “The Interaction of Private Law and Social Constitutional Law (Normative Justification of the Horizontal Effect of Fundamental Human Rights in Private Law).” Interdisciplinary Studies in Fiqh 4, no. 16 (October 2024): 165–185.
Katouzian, Nasser. A Comparative Study ExtraContractual Obligations, Tehran: University of Tehran Press, 2007.
Kazemi, Parisa, and Akbar Bashiri. “Mechanisms for Ensuring Fundamental Human Rights in the Iranian Public Law System.” Islamic Human Rights Studies 8, no. 16 (August 2019): 119–140.
Sadr, Mohammad-Baqir. Mabahith al-Usul. Qom: Esmaʿeiliyan Publications, 1987.
Shahbazi, Heshmatollah, Ebrahim Taghizadeh, and Morteza Shahbazi-Nia. “Human Rights in Private Law.” Private Law Research 5, no. 19 (September 2017): 97–131. https://doi.org/10.22054/jplr.2017.7799
Yazdanian, Alireza. Ghavayed-e Omumi-ye Masouliat-e Madani. Tehran: Mizan, 2016.
Islamic Republic of Iran, Deputy for International Affairs of the Judiciary, Circular No. 4/20976/9000, November 28, 2023.
B) English
Aristova, Ekaterina, and Catherine O’Regan, eds.
Civil Liability for Human Rights Violations.
Bonaverto Institute of Human Rights, Working Paper No. 65, (2011).
Aristova, Ekaterina, and Ugljesa Grusic, eds. Civil Remedies and Human Rights in Lux: Key Legal Developments in Selected Jurisdictions. New York: Hart Publishing, 2022.
Calabresi, Guido. “The Complexity of Torts: The Case of Punitive Damages.” In Exploring Tort Law, edited by Stuart Madden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Carrillo Santarelli, Nicolas. “Non-State Actors Human Rights Obligations and Responsibility Under International Law.” Rerista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales 11 (2008): 2–15.
Chatelain, Lucie, Virginie Rouas, and Esther Sebillotte. Civil Liability for Human Rights Violations in France. Oxford: Bonavero Institute of Human Rights, 2022.
Clapham, Andrew. Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors, London: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Donmezkus, Dilara. “The Theory Horizontal Effect and Freedom of Expression: The Perspective of the Turkish Constititional Court.” Anaysa Yargisi 41, no. 1 (2024): 443–496.
Fletcher, George. Tort Liability for Human Rights Abuses, New York: Hart Publishing, 2008.
Frantziou, Eleni. “The Horizontal Effect of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union: Rediscovering the Reasons for Horizontaly.” European Law Journal 21, no. 5 (2018): 12–45.
Gardbaum, Stephen. “The Horizontal Effect of Constitutional Rights.” Michigan Law Review 102, no. 3 (2003): 387–459.
Giliker, Paula. “A Common Law Tort of Privacy? The Challenges of Developing a Human Rights Tort.” Singapore Academy of Law Journal 27 (2015): 761–788.
Hoffman, Paul, and Andrew Van Lighten. Civil Liability for Human Rights Violations. Oxford: Bonavero Institute of Human Rights, 2022.
Holly, Gabrielle, and Clair O’Brien. Human Rights Due Diligence Laws: Key Considerations, Copenhagen: The Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2021.
Hopkins, Russell. “England and Wales: The Common Law’s Answer to International Human Rights Violations.” In Civil Liability for Human Rights Violations, edited by Ekaterina Aristova and Catherine O’Regan, Working Paper No. 65, 135–158. Oxford: Bonavero Institute of Human Rights, 2011.
Hubner, Leonardo, and Luca Kaller. “Germany: Tort Law’s Potential to Remedy Human Rights Violations.” In Civil Liability for Human Rights Violations, edited by Ekaterina Aristova and Catherine O’Regan, Working Paper No. 65, 181–202. Oxford: Bonavero Institute of Human Rights, 2011.
Jackson, Abigail. “Home, Human Rights and Horizontal Effect: An English Approach to Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.” The Queen Mary Human Rights Law Review 4, no. 1 (2017): 15–49.
Joseph, Sarah, and Joanna Kyriakakis. “Australia: Tort Law Filling a Human Rights Void.” In Civil Liability for Human Rights Violations, edited by Ekaterina Aristova and Catherine O’Regan, Working Paper No. 65, 43–64. Oxford: Bonavero Institute of Human Rights, 2011.
Kanalan, Ibrahim. “Horizontal Effect of Human Rights in the Era of Transnational Constellations: on the Accountability of Private Actors for Human Rights Violation.” 2014. Accessed August 10, 2025. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2539110]
Klinck, Jennifer, Michael Elharrar, and Melisande Charbonneau-Gravel. Civil Liability for Human Rights Violations in Canada. Oxford: Bonavero Institute of Human Rights, 2022.
Krzeminska-Vamvaka, Joanna. Horizontal Effect of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms – Much Ado About Nothing? German, Polish and EU Theories Compared after Viking Line, Working Paper No. 125. New York: The Jean Monnet Center for International and Regional Economic Law & Justice, 2016.
Lane, Lottie. “The Horizontal Effect of International Human Rights Law in Practice.” European Journal of Comparative Law And Governance 5, no. 1 (2018): 5–88.
Laplante, Lisa. Human Torts. Research Paper No. 18-03. Boston: New England Law, 2014.
Loubser, Max. “Strict Liability.” In Private Law and Human Rights: Bringing Rights Home in Scotland and South Africa, ed Elspeth Reid and Daniel Visser, 205–234. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013.
Miller, Nathan. “Human Rights Abuses as Tort Harms: Losses in Translation.” Seton Hall Law Review 46 (2016): 505–563.
Nartey, Emmanuel. Accountability Criteria and Remedies under Tort Law for Victims of Human Rights Abuses, London: University of East London, 2018.
Peel, Edwin, and James Goudkamp. Winfield and Jolowicz on Tort, London: Sweet and Maxwell, 2014.
Reinisch, August. “The Changing International Legal Framework for Dealing with Non-State Actors.” In Non-State Actors and Human Rights, ed Philip Alston. London: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Shelton, Dinah. Remedies in International Human Rights Law, London: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Spencer, Charmaine. “The Use of Tort Law in the Protection of Human Rights: An Alternative to Human Rights Boards.” Master Thesis, Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan College of Law, 1991.
Tortell, Lisa. Monetary Remedies for Breach of Human Rights: A Comparative Study, New York: Hart Publishing, 2006.
Turner, Cris. Unlocking Torts, New York: Routledge, 2014.
Van Dam, Cees. European Tort Law, London: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Varuhas, Jason N. E. Damages and Human Rights, New York: Hart Publishing, 2016.
Wagner, Gerhard. “Tort Law and Human Rights.” In Transnational Legal Activism in Global Value Chains, ed Saage-Maab, Peer Zumbansen, Michael Bader, and Palvasha Shahab, 209–236. Cham: Springer, 2021.
Weingerl, Petra, and Verica Trstenjak, eds. The Influence of Human Rights and Basic Rights in Private Law. New York: Springer, 2016.
Wright, Jane. Tort Law and Human Rights, New York: Hart Publishing, 2001.
C. Cases
Defrenne v. Sabena, No. 3, [1976] ECR. 455
Goodwin and I v. United Kingdom, No. 28957/95, [2002] ECHR 52
Meskell v. Coras Iompair Eireann, [1973] I.R. 121, 133
Rabone v Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust [2012] 2 AC 72.
Van Colle v Chief Constable Hertfordshire Police [2007] 1 WLR 1821.
DSD v Commissioner for Police [2015] 1 WLR 1833 [DSD HC].
OOO v Commissioner for the Metropolis [2011] HRLR 29
Re S [2004] UKHL 47.
Retail, Wholesale, and Dep't Store Union v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd., [1986] 2 S.C.R. 573.
Thompson v Commissioner for the Metropolis [1998] QB 498; Heil v Rankin [2001] QB 272.
CTB v NGN Ltd [2011] EWHC 1232
UK, Parliament, House of Lords. Opinions of the Lords of Appeal for Judgment in the Cause In re S (FC) (a child) (Appellant). Re S [2004] UKHL 47 [23ff], October 28, 2004.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (I-ACtHR). Juridical Condition and Rights of Undocumented Migrants. Advisory Opinion OC-18/03 (17 September 2003) 146ff.
