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داوران سال جاری

مواجهه با دیگری در دنیای جهانی شده: درس‌هایی از رویکردهای اسلامی، آفریقایی و غربی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استاد دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه ایلورین، ایلورین، نیجریه.

چکیده

یکی از مهمترین چالش‌های یک تمدن و پارامتر ارزیابی آن، نحوه برخورد با کسانی است که به آن تمدن تعلق ندارند. دوگانگی بین «ما» و «آن‌ها» در تمدن‌ها متفاوت است. در گذشته، تعامل بین تمدن‌ها بسیار کمتر و محدودتر بوده است. اما مدت‌هاست همه چیز تغییر کرده و جهان به یک دهکده جهانی تبدیل شده است. با این حال، از نظر دینی، فرهنگی، قومیت و زبان بسیار کثرت‌گرا باقی مانده است. تنوع در دنیای معاصر به دلیل وجود هم زمان تمدن‌های مختلف در جهان است که هر کدام فرهنگ، دیدگاه و ارزش‌های متمایز خود را دارند. فرهنگ غربی، فرهنگ اسلامی، فرهنگ شرقی و فرهنگ آفریقایی برخی از فرهنگ‌های برجسته امروز هستند. در این میان جهانی‌سازی مشکلات خاص خود را دارد. از یک طرف، جهان تحت فشار قرار دارد تا به یک محیط تک فرهنگی مانند فرهنگ غربی تبدیل شود. این وضعیت به دلیل برتری ذاتی تمدن غربی بر تمدن‌های دیگر نیست بلکه به دلیل تهاجم فرهنگی غرب به جهان است. جریان اطلاعات همیشه از سمت غرب به سوی بقیه جهان بوده است. بنابراین، تلاش برای صلح در دنیای مدرن باید به چگونگی سازگاری فرهنگ‌های متنوع جهان، اول در تمدن‌‌های خاص و دوم در جهانی در قالب دهکده به ویژه در متن سازمان ملل بپردازد. گذشته درس خوبی برای آینده ارائه می‌دهد. در این مقاله، چگونگی دستیابی سه تمدن اسلامی، آفریقایی و غربی در قالب اولیه و تاریخی خود و همچنین به معنای مدرن و امروزی به یکدیگر شبیه شده‌اند. تمدن اسلامی از یک محیط چند قومی و چند مذهبی پدید آمده است. رویکرد اسلامی علی‌رغم اینکه اعتقاد کامل به درستی آیین و دین خود و شیوه زندگی مبتنی بر آن را دارد، در مواجهه با دیگر ادیان رویه تحمل و احترام را اتخاذ می‌کند. اسلام آزادی دین را برای غیرمسلمانان به رسمیت می‌شناسد و این موضوع را به صورت جامع و کامل بیان می‌کند. اسلام این قوانین یا فرهنگ خود را بر آن‌ها تحمیل نمی‌کند بلکه استقلال اجتماعی، فرهنگی و قضایی را برای غریبه‌ها در درون مرزهای خود اعطا می‌کند. این نگرش که در گذشته وجود داشته هنوز در برخی از کشورهای مدرن اسلامی مانند ایران قابل مشاهده است. فرهنگ آفریقا یک امر بسیار متفاوت است. ویژگی بارز آفریقایی‌ها رفتار گرم آن‌ها با غریبه‌ها و احترام آن‌ها به استقلال فرهنگی سایر مردم است. رویکرد تمدن غربی با رویکرد تمدن‌‌های اسلامی و آفریقایی در تضاد است. غرب همواره براساس برتری پذیرفته شده خود بر دیگر انسان‌ها، سیاست تسلط بر آن‌ها را دنبال کرده است. این رویکرد که برای دفاع از آن توجیهات منطقی و ایدئولوژیک زیادی توسعه یافته‌اند در دوران معاصر همچنان یک منبع اصطکاک و تنش است. پیشنهاد می‌شود که مدل‌های ارائه شده توسط فرهنگ‌های اسلامی و آفریقایی به عنوان مبنایی برای تعامل مدرن توسط افراد متعلق به فرهنگ‌های مختلف مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Coping With Otherness in a Globalized World: Lessons from Islamic, African, and Western Perspectives

نویسنده [English]

  • Abdulmumini A. Oba

Professor, School of Law, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

چکیده [English]

One of the major challenges for a civilization - and a parameter for assessing it - is how it treats those who do not belong to that civilization. The dichotomy between “we” and “them” is made variously across civilizations. In the past, interactions across civilizations are less voluminous and less intense. But things have changed. the world has become a global village. Yet, it remains very pluralistic in terms of religion, culture, ethnicity, and language. The diversity of the contemporary world is due to the existence of concurrent civilizations on the world, each with its distinct culture, world view and values. Western culture, Islamic culture, oriental culture and African culture are some of the more prominent cultures today. Globalization is not without its problems. For one thing, the world is being pressurized into become a mono-cultural environment patterned after western culture. This position is not because of any inherent superiority of western civilization to the other civilization but because of the cultural invasion of the world by the west. Information flow is the world has been essentially one way - from the west to the rest. The quest for peace in the modern world must therefore address how the diverse cultures of the world are accommodated, first within specific civilizations and secondly in the world at a global level particularly within the context of the United Nations. The past offers a good lesson for the future. This paper looks at how three civilizations - Islamic, African, and western - in their pristine historical and modern forms - have approached otherness. Islamic civilization emerged from a multi-ethnic and multi-religious environment. The Islamic approach is one of tolerance and respect for otherness in spite of the full conviction of the rightness of its religious creed and way of life. Islam recognizes the freedom of religion for non-Muslims and expresses this in a comprehensive and complete manner. It does not impose its laws or culture on them but grants social, cultural and judicial autonomy to these strangers within its borders. This attitude which was in the past is still observable in some modern Islamic countries such as Iran. African culture is a very diverse affair. The common traits amongst Africans include their warm treatment of strangers and their respect for the cultural independence of other peoples. The attitude of western civilization contrasts with the attitudes of Islamic and African civilizations. The West has consistently pursued a policy of domination of other peoples based on its perceived superiority over them. This attitude, for which various ideological and intellectual justifications have been advanced in defense of, remains in contemporary times, a constant source of friction and tension. It is suggested that models provided by Islamic and African cultures be used as a basis for modern interaction by persons belonging to different cultures.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Globalized World
  • Islamic
  • African
  • Western
  • Human Rights
مراجع

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